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axali teqnikiT movlenili kinematografi gansxvavebul xelovnebaTa gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis gadadnobas axdenda, magram imisaTvis, rom reproduqcirebisa da gavrcelebis saSualebidan xelovnebad Camoyalibebuliyo, saWiroebda damoukideblobas, sakuTari Sinaarsisa da specifikis SeZenas, saxviTi kinoenis Sesaqmnelad ki saWiro iyo Sinaarsis gamudmebuli gafarToeba da gamdidreba, vinaidan kinematografs, iseve rogorc Teatrs, ar SeeZlo da dResac ar ZaluZs dramaturgiis gareSe, misi sasicocxlo safuZvelisagan ganyenebulad arseboba.

kinematografma literaturas sxva xelovnebis kvaldakval mimarTa, vinaidan mis gareSe axal xelovnebas informaciis, codnis popularizaciis, sanaxaobaTa reproduqcirebis saSualebad, teqnikur saocrebad darCenis safrTxe emuqreboda, literaturas ki, Tavisi bunebiT, nawinaswarmetyvelebi hqonda Teatris, ferweris, musikis mraval da mraval nawarmoebTa pirvelsafuZveli gamxdariyo.

Aაmgvarad, axladmovlenilma kinoxelovnebam, Tavdapirvelad, wignebidan mxolod "furclebi” amoiRo da gaacocxla. miRebuli efeqtiT kmayofilma, Semdgom etapze prozis, dramisa da poeziis yvelaze msubuq Janrebs mimarTa – romansebs, simRerebs, melodramebs, farsebs, vodevilebsa da sketCebs, ukve moZlierebulma ki romanebisa da tragediebis ekranizebas mihyo xeli. miuxedavad maTi primitiulobisa, ilustraciuli xasiaTisa, munji kinos periodSi, aRniSnuli filmebi, imxanad Seqmnili kinoproduqciis fonze, yvelaze saintereso nawarmoebebs warmoadgenen, sityvis gaCenam ki sabolood daakavSira filmi wignTan da ekranizacia kinoxelovnebis organul nawilad aqcia, wigni _ ekranis megzurad. is, ara mxolod aZlevda mas sicocxles, aramed TviTonac axali cxovrebiT iwyebda ekranze arsebobas.

klasikosTa literaturuli samyaro, imdenad konkretuli iyo, misi gmirebi imdenad sicocxlisunarianni, rom kacobriobis cnobierebaSi, yvela CvenTaganSi arsebobdnen, rogorc "nacnobi ucnobebi” da rac ufro maRali iyo maTi mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zala,MmiT metad axlo xdeboda gansxvavebul TaobaTa aRqma, miT ufro farTo _ mxatvrul saxeTa gaazrebis diapazoni. samyaro hamletis, don-kixotis, otelos, faustis mraval variacias icnobs. literaturuli saxis Tavisufleba, cvalebadoba (moZraoba) da siRrme gansazRvravs kidec literaturis rols, rogorc kacobriobis sulier ganviTarebaSi, aseve monaTesave xelovnebis Camoyalibebasa da srulyofaSi. literaturis es Tviseba aranaklebi mniSvnelobis matarebelia adamianis cnobierebis formirebis sakiTxSi, vidre filosofia. mwerlis maxvili Tvali arRvevs movlenaTa garegan apks, aSiSvlebs arss. mas uwvrilmanes detalebSi SeuZlia ganasxvavos da aRmoaCinos Zlivs SesamCnevi "dasabadebeli siaxlis” konturebi. didi mwerali Tavis SemoqmedebaSi cxovrebis umTavres sferoebs moicavs da aRwevs ra eris, xalxebis, calkeuli adamianis sulier kulturaSi, mravali Taobis aRmzrdelad iqceva, Sesabamisad, misi roli, rogorc cxovrebis pedagogisa, axali ideuri da mxatvruli stilebisa da mimarTulebebis mamamTavrisa, wamyvanad iqca.

kinematografma organulad SeiTvisa literaturis Zireuli Tvisebebi, cxovrebis sinTezuri saxis Seqmnis unari, aqve ipova sxva mniSvnelovani saSualebebi: montaJi, moZraoba drosa da sivrceSi, amasTanave, Zalian xSirad literaturaSi wamoweuli Temebi axlobeli aRmoCndeba xolme kinos bunebisaTvis, Tavisi masStaburobiT, garemos xasiaTiT, moqmedebis adgiliT, monumenturi sivrciT, problematikiTa Tu formiT. Temebis, problemebisa da saxeebis mTeli rgolis es naTesaoba kinematografis ganviTarebis yvela etapze SeiZleba davinaxoT. amave dros sayuradRebo kanonzomierebac ixateba: rac metad "iRebs” kino literaturidan (eseTi periodebi ki xSirad enacvleba garkveuli gaucxoebis periodebs da rac aucilebelic aris miRebuli gakveTilebis aTvisebisaTvis, zogjer axali moTxovnilebebis gaazrebisaTvisac), miT meti damajereblobiT cdilobs, praqtikosTa eniT, literaturisagan Tavisi absoluturi damoukideblobis, Tavisi sruli Tavisuflebis mtkicebas (SeiZleba, amitomac ekranul "wakiTxvaTa” istoria dramatuli SejaxebebiT aris aRsavse).

literaturul nawarmoebTa ekranizacia literaturisa da kinos urTierTkavSiris erT-erTi formaa: amasTan, klasikuri literaturuli nawarmoebebis ekranizaciis problema – erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi. klasikis ekranizaciisadmi miZRvnili statiebSi, araerTxel gasmula xazi, ama Tu im nawarmoebis Tanamedroved wakiTxvis aucileblobaze. Tumca, amgvar "aucileblobas” kinematografistebis nawili spekulaciur nabijad miiCnevs. erT-erTi franguli gazeTis furclebze klasikuri romanis "qalbatoni kameliebiT” modernizacias mkrexelobad miiCneven: "qalbatoni kameliebiT” 1959 wlis stilSi! es iqneba, kidev erTi literaturuli mkrexeloba, romelic SeZravs Wleqian margarita gotieSi yvela Seyvarebuls”.[i] cnobili reJisori abel gansic klasikuri literaturis nawarmoebis spekulaciurad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, Tvlida ra, rom kinom, am TvalsazrisiT ukve savalalo avtoriteti moixveWa da Tu, ase gaagrZelebs komprometirebas, ufro garTuldeba misi dacva.[ii]

spekulaciuri tendenciebisa da siuJetebis "gaTanamedroveobis” winaaRmdeg gamodis rene kleric, romelic upirveles da ZiriTad wesad ekranizebis dros, nawarmoebis "sulisadmi” erTgulebas miiCnevs. amasTan, SesaZloa,kinematografma msxverplad gaiRos literaturuli nawarmoebis formis sizuste. axali forma, rene kleris azriT, aucilebelia imitom, rom ekranizaciis dros mxatvruli gamoxatvis xerxebis Secvla xdeba”.[iii]

Tu Tanamedroved wakiTxvis aucileblobaze midis saubari, WeSmariti xelovneba SeuZlebelia Tanadroulobis gareSe. amasTanave, Tu reJisori Tavis drois namdvili Svilia – mas ubralod ar ZaluZs Tanamedroveobis stiqiisagan Tavis daRweva. is, organulad gadmoiRvenTeba mis qmnilebaSi, Tundac saubari midiodes saukuneebis winaT Seqmnili moTxrobis ekranizaciaze.

klasikuri literaturis ekranizacia TiTqosda ukve aRmoCenilis axali aRmoCenaa. masTan urTierToba keTilSobiluria, da amave dros saSiS-safrTxilo, ramdenadac klasika Sesadareblad imdenad maRal masStabebs gulisxmobs, rom mravali Semoqmedis Zalasa da niWs aRemateba. samarTliania frangi kritikosis a.bazenis SeniSvna: "ra Tqma unda, Cven visurvebdiT, rom yvela reJisori geniosi iyos da maSin albaT, ekranizaciis problemac arasodes aRmocendeboda.[iv]

klasikuri literaturis nawarmoebis ekranisaTvis SerCeva yovelTvis, istoriulad da socialurad gapirobebulia. isini ganisazRvrebian Tavad drois moTxovnilebiT da xasiaTiT, Semoqmedis pirovnebiT, msoflmxedvelobiT, niWis TaviseburebiT, SemoqmedebiTi miswrafebiT, simpaTiebiTa da antipaTiebiT. erTis mxriv, klasikis ekranizacia ioli saqmea da sadRac, es piroba gansazRvravs kidec reJisorebis klasikisadmi interess. meore mxriv, es "siiole”, TiTqosda qreba, im didi pasuxismgeblobis winaSe, romelsac Semoqmedi iRebs Tavis Tavze, isaxavs ra miznad vaJa-fSavelas, akaki wereTlis, ilia WavWavaZis, aleqsandre yazbegis, daviT kldiaSvilis, mixeil javaxiSvilis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, egnate ninoSvilis, Sio aragvispirelis Tu sxvaTa (ara mxolod Cveni erovnuli klasikis) nawarmoebebs Seasxas xorci, ekranul saxed aqcios is, rac yvelam viciT, wakiTxuli gvaqvs, gviyvars da es gardasaxva ki ise moaxdinos, rom ar Seuracxhyos siyvarulis amaRlebuli grZnoba, eris pativiscema. maTi nawarmoebebi xom, ara mxolod literaturuli movlenaa, aramed xalxuri yofis amsaxveli, romelTa gareSec warmoudgenelia klasikis arseboba. klasikuri saxeebi, yvela ganaTlebuli adamianis sulieri cxovrebis nawils warmoadgens da amave dros, misi cxovrebis ZiriTadi arsis koncentraciis TvisebiT xasiaTdeba.

reJisor-ekranizatori, uTuod unda daexmaros mayurebels axleburad Cawvdes, ama Tu im literaturuli nawarmoebis filosofias, SeigrZnos misi forma, poetikis Tavisebureba da mTeli xibli. saWiroa ara pirvelwyaros fermkrTali asli, aramed kinoxelovnebis damoukidebeli nawarmoebi. yvelaze rTulia, gadmosce swored is, rac ganumeoreblobis, individualobis niSnebs Seicavs – weris manera, temperamenti, iumori, poeturi xedva – yvelaze rTulia srulyofilebis, harmoniisa da silamazis gadaTargmna, swored imisa, rasac xelovnebaSi veTayvanebiT. amitomac, kinos Teoretikosebi, kritikosebi, literatorebi, xelovnebaTmcodneebi jer kidev kinematografis gariJraJze did adgils uTmoben, im problemaTa kvlevas, romelic ekranizaciis princips, literaturisa da kinematografis saerTo da gamnmasxvavebel niSnebs, amasTan dakavSirebul kinoscenaris specifikas exeba.

30-ian wlebSi mimdinare gamudmebuli kamaTi scenaris dramasTan, Tu prozasTan siaxloveze, ukiduresi SexedulebiT ifereboda. nawilis mtkicebiT scenari prozisa da dramis erTgvar sinTezs warmoadgens. sqolastiuri xasiaTis kamaTi daumTavrebeli aRmoCnda, vinaidan dRis wesrigSi scenaris specifikis gansazRvris aucileblobam wamoiwia: scenari literaturis gansakuTrebul saxeobas warmoadgens, Tu kinoxelovnebis nawarmoebs. yvelaze ukidures TvalTaxedvas a.vaxtangovi[v] amJRavnebda, romelic Tvlida, rom isini srulad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan – kinoscenarSi avtori mxolod mayurebels mimarTavs da ara mkiTxvels, amitomac aucileblobas ar warmoadgens da usargebloc kia aRwerili, liriuli gadasvlebi, dialogic garkveul pirobiT miniSnebas, niSnis funqcias unda asrulebdes. WeSmaritebasTan yvelaze axlos s.einzSteini,[vi] m.romi,[vii] v.turkini[viii] mividnen, romelTa azriT, scenari kinowarmoebis literaturul formas warmoadgens, amdenad, is literaturaa, oRond sxva (kinos) Tvisebebis matarebeli.

yvela es diskusia, romelSic dResac iReben monawileobas kinos Teoretikosebi, dramaturgebi da reJisorebi, pirdapir damokidebulebaSia ekranizaciis TeoriasTan da praqtikasTan. vinaidan, swored aq, gaSiSvlebuli saxiT scenaris avtori da kinoreJisori literaturuli saxis kinematografiul saxed gadaqcevis amocanis winaSe dgebian, kinematografis specifikuri xerxebiT prozisa da dramis saxeTa sistemis – meoreSi, Tvisobrivad, axal sistemaSi gadayvanis winaSe. inscenireba, ekranizacia, suraTis graviura, telegadacema – yvelaferi arsebiTad gadayvanas gulisxmobs, met-naklebad rTul da zust gadayvanas erTi formidan, an saxeTa sistemidan meoreSi.

klasikuri literaturis nawarmoebis nebismieri mxatvruli saxe, mkiTxvelis mier Seqmnili "saxe-hipoTezaa”, romelic, arsebiTad, daSorebulia mwerlis – avtoris Canafiqrs, vinaidan am or saxes Soris imyofeba mkiTxveli, Tavisi e.w. "pirovnuli sindromiT”. is mocemul SemTxvevaSi, Taviseburi filtris funqcias asrulebs – uSvebs erTs da ar uSvebs sxva orientirebs da, yvela SemTxvevaSi, es filtri unikaluria da ganumeorebeli. Tumca, aris "raRac”, rac Cven gvaerTianebs _ albaT is, rac dros moaqvs, is rac erTi epoqis frTebqveS gvaTavsebs, is "raRac”, rac nawarmoebis gansakuTrebulobas, mis auras gulisxmobs. rogorc d.lixaCovi aRniSnavs, nebismieri mxatvruli saxe "arazustia” da es uzustoba xelovnebaSi gansakuTrebuli saxisaa – is dinamiurobiT gamoirCeva da TiTqosda mkiTxvelis, msmenelis, an mayureblis saSualebiT ivseba”.[ix] albaT, am "uzustobas” unda vumadlodeT, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis aRqma garkveulwilad TanaSemoqmedebaa. reJisor-ekranizatori sxva mkiTxvelisagan gansxvavebiT aobieqturebs Tavis aRqmas, xiluls xdis warmosaxvaSi Seqmnil mxatvrul saxes. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, Cvens winaSe iqneba ekranizacia, ara Tavad literaturuli nawarmoebisa, aramed am nawarmoebis sareJisoro, individualuri wakiTxvis magaliTi – "saxe hopoTeza”, riTac avtors (reJisors) mayureblis samsjavroze gamoaqvs, rogorc sakuTari sareJisoro, aseve misi, rogorc mkiTxvelis kvalifikacia.

kinematografis arsebobis manZilze, istoriulad muSavdeboda ekranizaciis xerxebi da principebi, romlebic dResac srulyofas ganicdian, jer kidev 1921 wels v.briusi gamodis moxsenebiT: "literaturul nawarmoebTa kinoilustracia da kinoinscenireba”. sadac, avtoris azriT kinoilustraciis amocanaa, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, "sarkiseburi anarekli”mogvces, sxva formaSi kinopiesaSi gadaumuSavebeli, ZiriTadad Seucvleli saerTo kompoziciiT, sistemiTa da gmirTa daxasiaTebebiT, nawarmoebis saekranizacio nawilebis SinaaariT. xolo, imisaTvis, rom calkeuli epizodebi siuJeturad daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs, titrebis gamoyenebaa aucilebeli, romlisTvisac teqsts literaturuli nawarmoebidan amoviRebT”.[x] amgvari saxis kinoilustracia, ra Tqma unda, ar iqneba kinopiesa (am sityvis WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT), magram arc imas ar unda velodoT, rom ekranze literaturuli nawarmoebis sisavsiT asaxvas davinaxavT. amgvari kinoilustracia ukve gulisxmobs mayureblis mier pirvelwyarosTan nacnobobas, rom mis mexsierebaSi cocxlobs literaturuli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi. kinoinscenirebas kinoilustraciisagan gansxvavebiT briusovi gansazRvravs, rogorc literaturuli nawarmoebis axal formaSi gadamuSavebas, kinodramaturgiis organul da TviTRirebul nawarmoebad, romelic uaxlovdeba literaturul originals, siuJeti ki sxva xelovnebis xerxebiT gadmoicema. amasTan, SesaZlebelia literaturuli nawarmoebis zogierTi elementis fabulis, calkeuli motivebis, saxeebis) axal kombinaciaSi gamoyeneba.[xi]

briusovis moxsenebaSi naTlad ikveTeba da gansazRvrulia is sazRvrebi, romlebic kinoilustracias ekranizaciisagan aSorebs. ilustracia _ ekranizaciis kerZo SemTxvevaa, amasTan SemTxveva, romelsac kulturis istoriasTan ufro meti kavSiri aqvs, vidre kinoxelovnebis istoriasTan. ra Tqma unda, kinematografs SeuZlia miznad daisaxos "uzustesi” saxiT gadaiRos klasika, Tu mis mizans "kulturis transportireba”, an "klasikuri literaturis kinobiblioTekasTan” ziareba Seadgens.

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